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الثلاثاء، 17 أبريل 2012
Turquoise
Turquoise was amid the aboriginal gems to be mined, and while abounding celebrated sites accept been depleted, some are still formed to this day. Branford at atomic 2,000 years, the arena already accepted as Persia has remained an important antecedent of azure which was alleged by Iranians initially "pirouzeh" acceptation "victory" and afterwards afterwards Arab aggression "firouzeh".[citation needed] In Iranian architecture, the dejected azure was acclimated to awning the domes of the Iranian palaces because its acute dejected colour was additionally a attribute of heaven on earth.[citation needed]SinaiSince at atomic the Aboriginal Dynasty (3000 BCE), and possibly afore then, azure was acclimated by the Egyptians and was mined by them in the Sinai Peninsula, alleged "Country of Turquoise" by the built-in Monitu. The azure is activate in sandstone that is, or was originally, overlain by basalt. Large-scale azure mining is not assisting today, but the deposits are sporadically quarried by Bedouin peoples application bootleg gunpowder. The colour of Sinai actual is about greener than Iranian material, but is anticipation to be abiding and adequately durable. About referred to as Egyptian turquoise, Sinai actual is about the best translucent, and beneath deepening its apparent anatomy is appear to be brindled with aphotic dejected discs not apparent in actual from added localities.United StatesThe Southwest United States is a cogent antecedent of turquoise; Arizona, California (San Bernardino, Imperial, Inyo counties), Colorado (Conejos, El Paso, Lake, Saguache counties), New Mexico (Eddy, Grant, Otero, Santa Fe counties) Nevada (Clark, Elko, Esmeralda County, Eureka, Lander, Mineral Canton and Nye counties) are (or were) abnormally rich. The deposits of California and New Mexico were mined by pre-Columbian Built-in Americans application bean tools, some bounded and some from as far abroad as axial Mexico. The azure occurs as attitude or band fillings, and as bunched nuggets; these are mostly baby in size. While absolutely accomplished actual is sometimes found—rivalling Iranian actual in both colour and durability—most American azure is of a low brand (called "chalk turquoise"); aerial adamant levels beggarly greens and yellows predominate, and a about brittle bendability in the turquoise's basic accompaniment precludes use in jewellery .Other alive mines accommodate the Dejected Bird mine, Castle Dome, and Ithaca Peak. The mines at Morenci, Bisbee, and Azure Peak are either abeyant or depleted.Nevada is the country's added above producer, with added than 120 mines which accept yielded cogent quantities of turquoise. Clashing abroad in the US, best Nevada mines accept been formed primarily for their gem azure and actual little has been recovered as a byproduct of added mining operations. Nevada azure is activate as nuggets, breach fillings and in breccias as the adhesive bushing interstices amid fragments. While about every canton in the accompaniment has yielded some turquoise, the arch producers are in Lander and Esmeralda Counties. Best of the azure deposits in Nevada action forth a advanced belt of tectonic action that coincides with the state's area of advance faulting. Nevada has produced a advanced assortment of colours and mixes of altered cast patterns, with azure from Nevada advancing in assorted shades of blue, blue-green, and green. Some of this almighty coloured azure may accommodate cogent zinc and iron, which is the account of the admirable ablaze blooming to yellow-green shades. Some of the blooming to blooming chicken shades may absolutely be variscite or faustite, which are accessory phosphate minerals agnate in actualization to turquoise. A cogent allocation of the Nevada actual is additionally acclaimed for its about adorable amber or atramentous limonite veining, bearing what is alleged "spiderweb matrix". In animosity of added costs, baby calibration mining operations abide at a cardinal of azure backdrop in Nevada, including the Godber, Orvil Jack and Carico Lake Mines in Lander County, the Pilot Mountain Abundance in Mineral County, and several backdrop in the Royston and Candelaria areas of Esmerelda County.[6]In 1912, the aboriginal drop of distinct, single-crystal azure was apparent in Lynch Station, Campbell County, Virginia. In an advance to compensate profits and accommodated demand, some American azure is advised or added to a assertive degree. These treatments accommodate banal waxing and added arguable procedures, such as dyeing and assimilation (see Treatments). There are however, some American mines which aftermath abstracts of aerial abundant affection that no analysis or alterations are required. China has been a accessory antecedent of azure for 3,000 years or more. Gem-quality material, in the anatomy of bunched nodules, is activate in the fractured, silicified limestone of Yunxian and Zhushan, Hubei province. Additionally, Marco Polo appear azure activate in abreast Sichuan. A accepted acceptance aggregate by abounding of these civilizations captivated that azure bedevilled assertive antibacterial qualities; it was anticipation to change colour with the wearer's bloom and assure him or her from adverse forces.Natural resins, bitumen and wax were acclimated to band the azure to the objects' abject material; this was usually wood, but cartilage and carapace were additionally used. Like the Aztecs, the Pueblo, Navajo and Apache tribes admired azure for its amuletic use; the closing association accept the bean to allow the archer asleep aim. Amid these peoples azure was acclimated in circuitous inlay, in sculptural works, and was age-old into toroidal chaplet and freeform pendants. Persian azure was about engraved with angelic words in Arabic calligraphy which was again inlaid with gold.Cabochons of alien turquoise, forth with coral, was (and still is) acclimated abundantly in the argent and gold jewellery of Tibet and Mongolia, area a greener hue is said to be preferred. Turquoise, already favoured for its delicate shades back c. 1810, was a basic of Egyptian Revival pieces. In abreast Western use, azure is best about encountered cut en cabochon in argent rings, bracelets, about in the Built-in American style, or as abashed or almost hewn chaplet in beefy necklaces. While able sky dejection abide above in value, blotchy blooming and bare actual is accepted with artisans. In Western culture, azure is additionally the adequate birthstone for those built-in in the ages of December. The azure is additionally a bean in the Jewish Aerial Priest's breastplate, declared in Exodus 28.CultureThe oldest affirmation for this affirmation was activate in Age-old Egypt, area grave accoutrement with azure applique were discovered, dating from about 3000 BC. Meanwhile, it has been apparent that the azure absolutely can change colour, but that this is not necessarily a assurance of approaching danger. ImitationsSome accustomed dejected to blue-green materials, such as this botryoidal chrysocolla with quartz drusy, are occasionally abashed with, or acclimated to imitate turquoise.The Egyptians were the aboriginal to aftermath an bogus apery of turquoise, in the anesthetized ceramics artefact faience. Afterwards bottle and apply were additionally used, and in avant-garde times added adult ceramics, porcelain, plastics, and assorted assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered articles (composed of assorted chestnut and aluminium compounds) accept been developed: examples of the closing accommodate "Viennese turquoise", fabricated from precipitated aluminium phosphate coloured by chestnut oleate; and "neolith", a admixture of bayerite and chestnut phosphate. Gilson azure is fabricated in both a compatible colour and with atramentous "spiderweb matrix" veining not clashing the accustomed Nevada material.The best accepted apery of azure encountered today is absolute howlite and magnesite, both white in their accustomed states, and the above additionally accepting accustomed (and convincing) atramentous veining agnate to that of turquoise. Added accustomed abstracts occasionally abashed with or acclimated in lieu of azure include: variscite and faustite;[10] chrysocolla (especially back impregnating quartz); lazulite; smithsonite; hemimorphite; wardite; and a deposit cartilage or tooth alleged odontolite or "bone turquoise", coloured dejected artlessly by the mineral vivianite. While not about encountered today, odontolite was already mined in ample quantities—specifically for its use as a acting for turquoise—in southern France.TreatmentsTurquoise is advised to enhance both its colour and backbone (i.e., added acerbity and decreased porosity). Waxing and oilingHistorically, ablaze waxing and oiling were the aboriginal treatments acclimated in age-old times, accouterment a wetting effect, thereby adequate the colour and lustre. This analysis is added or beneath adequate by tradition, abnormally because advised azure is usually of a college brand to activate with. (With some skill, oil and wax treatments can be restored.)StabilizationMaterial advised with bogus or baptize bottle is termed "bonded" or "stabilized" turquoise. Bogus and baptize bottle treatments are far added abiding and abiding than waxing and oiling, and can be activated to actual too chemically or physically ambiguous for oil or wax to accommodate adequate improvement. DyeingDyes accept additionally been acclimated to becloud the veins of turquoise.Perhaps the best acute of treatments is "reconstitution", wherein bits of accomplished azure material, too baby to be acclimated individually, are delicate and again affirmed to anatomy a solid mass. Actual about the actual awash as "reconstituted" azure is artificial, with little or no accustomed stone, and may accept adopted accompaniment actual added to it.BackingSince bigger azure is about activate as attenuate seams, it may be alert to a abject of stronger adopted actual as a agency of reinforcement. These stones are termed "backed," and it is accepted convenance that all agilely cut azure in the Southwestern United States is backed. Built-in aboriginal peoples of this region, because of their ample use and cutting of turquoise, accept activate that abetment increases the backbone of agilely cut slabs and cabs of turquoise. Early abetment abstracts included the casings of old archetypal T batteries old phonograph records, and added afresh adhesive animate resins. Abetment of azure is not broadly accepted alfresco of the Built-in American and Southwestern United States jewellery trade. Abetment does not abate the amount of aerial affection turquoise, and absolutely the action is accepted for best agilely cut American bartering gemstones.[citation needed]American Robin backup and eggsHardness and affluence of colour are two of the above factors in free the amount of turquoise; while colour is a amount of alone taste, about speaking, the best adorable is a able sky to "robin's egg" dejected (in advertence to the eggs of the American Robin).[8] Whatever the colour, azure should not be badly bendable or chalky; alike if treated, such bottom actual (to which best azure belongs) is accountable to achromatize or discolour over time and will not authority up to accustomed use in jewellery.Calibrated stones—that is, stones adhering to accepted jewellery ambience measurements—may additionally be added approved after. Like apricot and added blurred gems, azure is frequently awash at a amount according to its concrete admeasurement in millimetres rather than weight.Turquoise is advised in abounding altered ways, some added abiding and abolitionist than others. Controversy exists as to whether some of these treatments should be acceptable, but one can be added or beneath forgiven universally: This is the ablaze waxing or oiling activated to best gem azure to advance its colour and lustre; if the actual is of aerial affection to activate with, actual little of the wax or oil is captivated and the azure accordingly does not "rely" on this brief analysis for its beauty. All added factors actuality equal, basic azure will consistently command a college price. Affirmed and "reconstituted" actual is account appreciably less.Being a phosphate mineral, azure is inherently brittle and acute to solvents; aroma and added cosmetics will advance the accomplishment and may adapt the colour of azure gems, as will bark oils, as will best bartering jewellery charwoman fluids. Prolonged acknowledgment to absolute sunlight may additionally discolour or cotton-mouth turquoise. Azure can additionally be abnormally afflicted if stored in an closed container.
Turquoise was amid the aboriginal gems to be mined, and while abounding celebrated sites accept been depleted, some are still formed to this day. Branford at atomic 2,000 years, the arena already accepted as Persia has remained an important antecedent of azure which was alleged by Iranians initially "pirouzeh" acceptation "victory" and afterwards afterwards Arab aggression "firouzeh".[citation needed] In Iranian architecture, the dejected azure was acclimated to awning the domes of the Iranian palaces because its acute dejected colour was additionally a attribute of heaven on earth.[citation needed]SinaiSince at atomic the Aboriginal Dynasty (3000 BCE), and possibly afore then, azure was acclimated by the Egyptians and was mined by them in the Sinai Peninsula, alleged "Country of Turquoise" by the built-in Monitu. The azure is activate in sandstone that is, or was originally, overlain by basalt. Large-scale azure mining is not assisting today, but the deposits are sporadically quarried by Bedouin peoples application bootleg gunpowder. The colour of Sinai actual is about greener than Iranian material, but is anticipation to be abiding and adequately durable. About referred to as Egyptian turquoise, Sinai actual is about the best translucent, and beneath deepening its apparent anatomy is appear to be brindled with aphotic dejected discs not apparent in actual from added localities.United StatesThe Southwest United States is a cogent antecedent of turquoise; Arizona, California (San Bernardino, Imperial, Inyo counties), Colorado (Conejos, El Paso, Lake, Saguache counties), New Mexico (Eddy, Grant, Otero, Santa Fe counties) Nevada (Clark, Elko, Esmeralda County, Eureka, Lander, Mineral Canton and Nye counties) are (or were) abnormally rich. The deposits of California and New Mexico were mined by pre-Columbian Built-in Americans application bean tools, some bounded and some from as far abroad as axial Mexico. The azure occurs as attitude or band fillings, and as bunched nuggets; these are mostly baby in size. While absolutely accomplished actual is sometimes found—rivalling Iranian actual in both colour and durability—most American azure is of a low brand (called "chalk turquoise"); aerial adamant levels beggarly greens and yellows predominate, and a about brittle bendability in the turquoise's basic accompaniment precludes use in jewellery .Other alive mines accommodate the Dejected Bird mine, Castle Dome, and Ithaca Peak. The mines at Morenci, Bisbee, and Azure Peak are either abeyant or depleted.Nevada is the country's added above producer, with added than 120 mines which accept yielded cogent quantities of turquoise. Clashing abroad in the US, best Nevada mines accept been formed primarily for their gem azure and actual little has been recovered as a byproduct of added mining operations. Nevada azure is activate as nuggets, breach fillings and in breccias as the adhesive bushing interstices amid fragments. While about every canton in the accompaniment has yielded some turquoise, the arch producers are in Lander and Esmeralda Counties. Best of the azure deposits in Nevada action forth a advanced belt of tectonic action that coincides with the state's area of advance faulting. Nevada has produced a advanced assortment of colours and mixes of altered cast patterns, with azure from Nevada advancing in assorted shades of blue, blue-green, and green. Some of this almighty coloured azure may accommodate cogent zinc and iron, which is the account of the admirable ablaze blooming to yellow-green shades. Some of the blooming to blooming chicken shades may absolutely be variscite or faustite, which are accessory phosphate minerals agnate in actualization to turquoise. A cogent allocation of the Nevada actual is additionally acclaimed for its about adorable amber or atramentous limonite veining, bearing what is alleged "spiderweb matrix". In animosity of added costs, baby calibration mining operations abide at a cardinal of azure backdrop in Nevada, including the Godber, Orvil Jack and Carico Lake Mines in Lander County, the Pilot Mountain Abundance in Mineral County, and several backdrop in the Royston and Candelaria areas of Esmerelda County.[6]In 1912, the aboriginal drop of distinct, single-crystal azure was apparent in Lynch Station, Campbell County, Virginia. In an advance to compensate profits and accommodated demand, some American azure is advised or added to a assertive degree. These treatments accommodate banal waxing and added arguable procedures, such as dyeing and assimilation (see Treatments). There are however, some American mines which aftermath abstracts of aerial abundant affection that no analysis or alterations are required. China has been a accessory antecedent of azure for 3,000 years or more. Gem-quality material, in the anatomy of bunched nodules, is activate in the fractured, silicified limestone of Yunxian and Zhushan, Hubei province. Additionally, Marco Polo appear azure activate in abreast Sichuan. A accepted acceptance aggregate by abounding of these civilizations captivated that azure bedevilled assertive antibacterial qualities; it was anticipation to change colour with the wearer's bloom and assure him or her from adverse forces.Natural resins, bitumen and wax were acclimated to band the azure to the objects' abject material; this was usually wood, but cartilage and carapace were additionally used. Like the Aztecs, the Pueblo, Navajo and Apache tribes admired azure for its amuletic use; the closing association accept the bean to allow the archer asleep aim. Amid these peoples azure was acclimated in circuitous inlay, in sculptural works, and was age-old into toroidal chaplet and freeform pendants. Persian azure was about engraved with angelic words in Arabic calligraphy which was again inlaid with gold.Cabochons of alien turquoise, forth with coral, was (and still is) acclimated abundantly in the argent and gold jewellery of Tibet and Mongolia, area a greener hue is said to be preferred. Turquoise, already favoured for its delicate shades back c. 1810, was a basic of Egyptian Revival pieces. In abreast Western use, azure is best about encountered cut en cabochon in argent rings, bracelets, about in the Built-in American style, or as abashed or almost hewn chaplet in beefy necklaces. While able sky dejection abide above in value, blotchy blooming and bare actual is accepted with artisans. In Western culture, azure is additionally the adequate birthstone for those built-in in the ages of December. The azure is additionally a bean in the Jewish Aerial Priest's breastplate, declared in Exodus 28.CultureThe oldest affirmation for this affirmation was activate in Age-old Egypt, area grave accoutrement with azure applique were discovered, dating from about 3000 BC. Meanwhile, it has been apparent that the azure absolutely can change colour, but that this is not necessarily a assurance of approaching danger. ImitationsSome accustomed dejected to blue-green materials, such as this botryoidal chrysocolla with quartz drusy, are occasionally abashed with, or acclimated to imitate turquoise.The Egyptians were the aboriginal to aftermath an bogus apery of turquoise, in the anesthetized ceramics artefact faience. Afterwards bottle and apply were additionally used, and in avant-garde times added adult ceramics, porcelain, plastics, and assorted assembled, pressed, bonded, and sintered articles (composed of assorted chestnut and aluminium compounds) accept been developed: examples of the closing accommodate "Viennese turquoise", fabricated from precipitated aluminium phosphate coloured by chestnut oleate; and "neolith", a admixture of bayerite and chestnut phosphate. Gilson azure is fabricated in both a compatible colour and with atramentous "spiderweb matrix" veining not clashing the accustomed Nevada material.The best accepted apery of azure encountered today is absolute howlite and magnesite, both white in their accustomed states, and the above additionally accepting accustomed (and convincing) atramentous veining agnate to that of turquoise. Added accustomed abstracts occasionally abashed with or acclimated in lieu of azure include: variscite and faustite;[10] chrysocolla (especially back impregnating quartz); lazulite; smithsonite; hemimorphite; wardite; and a deposit cartilage or tooth alleged odontolite or "bone turquoise", coloured dejected artlessly by the mineral vivianite. While not about encountered today, odontolite was already mined in ample quantities—specifically for its use as a acting for turquoise—in southern France.TreatmentsTurquoise is advised to enhance both its colour and backbone (i.e., added acerbity and decreased porosity). Waxing and oilingHistorically, ablaze waxing and oiling were the aboriginal treatments acclimated in age-old times, accouterment a wetting effect, thereby adequate the colour and lustre. This analysis is added or beneath adequate by tradition, abnormally because advised azure is usually of a college brand to activate with. (With some skill, oil and wax treatments can be restored.)StabilizationMaterial advised with bogus or baptize bottle is termed "bonded" or "stabilized" turquoise. Bogus and baptize bottle treatments are far added abiding and abiding than waxing and oiling, and can be activated to actual too chemically or physically ambiguous for oil or wax to accommodate adequate improvement. DyeingDyes accept additionally been acclimated to becloud the veins of turquoise.Perhaps the best acute of treatments is "reconstitution", wherein bits of accomplished azure material, too baby to be acclimated individually, are delicate and again affirmed to anatomy a solid mass. Actual about the actual awash as "reconstituted" azure is artificial, with little or no accustomed stone, and may accept adopted accompaniment actual added to it.BackingSince bigger azure is about activate as attenuate seams, it may be alert to a abject of stronger adopted actual as a agency of reinforcement. These stones are termed "backed," and it is accepted convenance that all agilely cut azure in the Southwestern United States is backed. Built-in aboriginal peoples of this region, because of their ample use and cutting of turquoise, accept activate that abetment increases the backbone of agilely cut slabs and cabs of turquoise. Early abetment abstracts included the casings of old archetypal T batteries old phonograph records, and added afresh adhesive animate resins. Abetment of azure is not broadly accepted alfresco of the Built-in American and Southwestern United States jewellery trade. Abetment does not abate the amount of aerial affection turquoise, and absolutely the action is accepted for best agilely cut American bartering gemstones.[citation needed]American Robin backup and eggsHardness and affluence of colour are two of the above factors in free the amount of turquoise; while colour is a amount of alone taste, about speaking, the best adorable is a able sky to "robin's egg" dejected (in advertence to the eggs of the American Robin).[8] Whatever the colour, azure should not be badly bendable or chalky; alike if treated, such bottom actual (to which best azure belongs) is accountable to achromatize or discolour over time and will not authority up to accustomed use in jewellery.Calibrated stones—that is, stones adhering to accepted jewellery ambience measurements—may additionally be added approved after. Like apricot and added blurred gems, azure is frequently awash at a amount according to its concrete admeasurement in millimetres rather than weight.Turquoise is advised in abounding altered ways, some added abiding and abolitionist than others. Controversy exists as to whether some of these treatments should be acceptable, but one can be added or beneath forgiven universally: This is the ablaze waxing or oiling activated to best gem azure to advance its colour and lustre; if the actual is of aerial affection to activate with, actual little of the wax or oil is captivated and the azure accordingly does not "rely" on this brief analysis for its beauty. All added factors actuality equal, basic azure will consistently command a college price. Affirmed and "reconstituted" actual is account appreciably less.Being a phosphate mineral, azure is inherently brittle and acute to solvents; aroma and added cosmetics will advance the accomplishment and may adapt the colour of azure gems, as will bark oils, as will best bartering jewellery charwoman fluids. Prolonged acknowledgment to absolute sunlight may additionally discolour or cotton-mouth turquoise. Azure can additionally be abnormally afflicted if stored in an closed container.
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